"Sovereignty of the people, the only legitimate authority of Nations." 52 52S. Bolivar, Bolivia's Constitutional Congress, op. cit, tomp II, pg. 1229. Bolivar never defined doctrinally the people. ¬ may think that he conceived as the totality of Venezuelans suffer, for the time, of modern social concepts. Characterized the town as all social classes, groups and personalities inte ¬ cerned objectively in the progress of a nation at a time because of its development, this concept supports the view Bolivarian popular sovereignty. Bolivar in ¬ tended that this human group is the guardian of the balance, the only legitimate authority. But this approach can not identify with the cartoon that have subsequently made it the ideologues and political democracy and petty bourgeois ¬ ism. Absolutely. Thus, for example, is to reduce the broad and rich ideal liber ¬ tary to the simple and misleading election periods of five or more years. People's sovereignty is exercised every day, in their unity, in their struggle, through all forms of struggle to make claim their authority. Bolivar warned against the specter of the election illegal and fraudulent ¬ Wales, and foreseeing the new figurehead demagogic nublaría, negating the popular Dad ¬ legitimate authority: "Nowhere in the elections are legal," says in his paper on the English-American: in any case the leadership is elected by as' the law. If aborts a Lavalle Buenos Aires, the rest of America is full of Lavalles ... If Pueyrredón stolen public funds, not lack in Colombia who do the same. If Cordoba and Paraguay are oppressed by bloodthirsty hypothesis ¬ scribed, Peru offers General La Mar covered with a skin of an ass, showing the tongue tooth ¬ American blood, and the claws of a tiger. "53 63Árticulo Press, idem, p.. 1301. Nor does the Bolivarian popular sovereignty was understood, as has been done since independence school: a-passing Constitutions human rights role merely formal, not less secure and ensure its effective enjoyment by citizens. at all. It has been said, as original historiographical argument that the drama of our lives has been impractical ¬ bility of the Constitutions adopted. What sarcasm ! always, everywhere where the oppressors imposed exploitation and plunder, will divorce between the formal events, between theory and practice. Only exercise popular sovereign authority ensures that the Constitution adopted takes reality by imposing human rights of meat and bone. So this is not something peculiar to Latin America, but a truth consubstantial with all the social forces of the universe. Bolivar himself said: "There is no good faith in America, or among nations. Treaties are paper, the constitutions, books, elections, fighting, freedom, anarchy, and life, a: torment." 84 2 ) Only a united people is sovereign. The popular power is only secured on your drive. Divided the people, the oppressor has referred. Their strength, their sovereignty is in their union. This concept gives a profoundly democratic-popular range Bolivar's thesis, above the contemporary democratic reformer, who wants to reduce it to the above ¬ tions fraudulent elections and continue every five years with abbreviated paper rights to letterpress printing. He said the "Liberator on December 16, 1826:" There's people freely exercise his omnipotence, decreed its fundamental laws. Only he knows and is master of his fate, but not powerful, nor a party, or a fraction. None but the majority are Sovereign. He is a tyrant that puts people instead of power, usurpation. "55 55A Venezuelans, from Maracaibo, op. cit, volume II, page ¬ na 1236. S. n. That's what we've lived: schemes counterfeiting, always a ruling elite: a caudillo, a fraction of society. With the aggravation that this fraction in power betrayed, against foreign and exploitative servitude Creole, interests and goals of the people keeping the same domain chorus and pillaging. As counterfeiters become rich, distilled whiskey and goings, swords and bayonets, speeches and tirades, while the boot encarnecida acogotar our people, she demands of union, to die in Santa Marta, to cease the parties, not the content roman ¬ tico and idealistic that he selfishly wanted to give, but the deep need for the unit only the people are sovereign. When has been attached our people? First ¬ mind, Bolivar's life. Girded his epic war with the laurels won by union people. What was independence, but one out of the house to take up the gun with the other, against the common enemy, despite factional differences? The popular unit as a case ¬ ment of the sovereignty of the people was hatched in the fertile furrow of the revolutionary war for independence. In. E! During those years, the balance is tilted to the patriotic twist to the extent that their own military and political successes were swell the united front of people. After the division began, and with it, the oppression ¬ sion. The guerrilla movement Federalist again to practice the unity of the people, by fighting. ¬ temente recently saw, which relancino crucible, the unit Jan. 23, toppling the dictator. But after each unit popu ¬ lar, emerge the hydra of oppression by dividing the people. Until the people say enough of despotism, and list, in the heat of battle, the final victory against the oppressor. Let us the will left by Bolívar, minutes before he died, what sacred commitment: If my death contributes to suppress the parties to consolidate the Union, I shall go quiet at sepulcro.116 aims to unite the people, crying out against the partisan divide . His posthumous message flooded the usual demagogic politicking of bourgeois democracy, by which he deceives the people. Bolivar for unity and genuine popular revolution was forged in the heat of the war of emancipation, not the formal unity and ambiguous, seeking the resignation of the masses: "To get out of this mess our infant Republic, all of our moral faculties are not many if not the masses merge into a whole: the composition of the government into a whole: Legislation in all: Ei national spirit into a whole. Unity, Unity, Uni ¬ Dad, should be our motto. The blood of our ¬ citizens write is different, mix it to attach: ¬ tution our constitution has divided the powers enlacémosla to join them; That is the legacy of Bolivar! 3) The people who fight in the end wins. This is the third precept on the analysis of popular sovereignty. Means, as the famous phrase, "freedom is not required, is conquered. The people will achieve sovereignty by fighting. If the unity of the people is a condition of its sovereign authority, the combat is the driving force for realizing that goal. The combination of both understands Bolivar, with a plasticity worthy of his genius. On 7 November 1819dijo the illustrious sons of Cauca: Weapons of freedom, who have redeemed the most flourishing provinces of Colombia, have given momentum to your value you wanted. Your hands broken strings: your crickets have come to the feet of your enemies. Will always be free because they want to be. The people fighting in the end wins. "53 This is an ode to the battle. Understand that these are objective historical forces and motorized oppress the people. That the oppressor to the oppressed subjects under the blade of the sword. There is no freedom, but the commitment to fight. And whoever enters the fray ends with tar ¬ victory. The constant struggle of the people ends up crown his perseverance. Nothing in life denies this. In the draft text had written earlier: "For the people who fight with faith, finally succeeds." clear as crystal what! With faith, ie, the deep conviction that the path taken by hard as it is, the mood will never wane. _ Wants another lesson this unnerving youth of America? -4) Social justice makes all men equal: citizens of a single class. Referring to Article 4. ° Ocurnare's proclamation of July 6, 1816, on freedom of the slaves ¬ you, the Liberator ratifies its content do ¬ sends message to President of the High Court of Justice: "The natural ¬ nature, justice and policy require emancipation. you slaves. In the future Venezuela will not be in more than one class of men: all are citizens ".59 How was he to know that new slave Bolivar ¬ rearían is taught on American soil? How should understand that new oppressors maintain ¬ shackle two Americans? Citizens! How expensive has cost our people the word! And she need to follow batiéndonos until the reign of justice a reality in our skies. A new slavery was born. The slave was made feudalized farmer. So the centuries have passed. His manu ¬ mission was a terrible event. The Federal war epic wanted to claim the past, but was betrayed anything ¬. The farmer continued to pay their misery the plundering of the oppressors. Advented then the worker: manu ¬ turing, industrial, mining. New slaves of the ex ¬ exploiters. Still sweating the Venezuelan people vasa Llaja ¬ overseas empire and the exploitation of the lists v ¬ capita Creole landowners. A class of men, all citizens, and were and are divided: pressor and oppressed citizens, rich and poor and humble ostentatious ¬ des, landowners and peasants, bourgeoisie and proletariat: U.S. and Indian tycoon Creole, perpetrators and victims ¬ more, pursued and persecutors, government and opposition ... all citizens: the desire for justice gnaws the bowels of our people. And there will be social justice. And the shameful divisions will be deleted. And the exploitation, oppression and servitude give free rein to justice freedom and sovereignty as a people united fight until victory and said J Bolívar to address the Peruvians. February 13, 1824: "Justice is also favorable ¬ I pray, and when you fight for it no longer heaven give victory." 60 This is a pervasive sense of democracy, which was popular for the beginning of the Liberator sovereignty. It has been feared by stating as its load-dynamin equivalent to that of the emancipation of which he was a mere instrument, this profound concept so advanced and progressive, becoming a caricature of bourgeois-democratic thinking. While this ideology fueled, remember: 1) was not part of this class, then non-existent in Venezuela, 2) that was inspired by its universal principles, then the curly, 3) that Bolívar was revolutionary product in the same country whose achievements were lost in the skyline. Consequently, the popular-democratic doctrine should gather all the strength that electrified village in the war for freedom. Those who do not understand this deep ideological meaning of the work will Bolivarian deceived. The figure stands with all its strength, sovereign-popular thinking of the Liberator, although paradoxical, is that of the indomitable Piar, crowned in his quest to San Felix, which guaranteed a base of operations as the seat of republic. Piar will be executed by order of Bolivar. But Piar urn represents the requirement of popular sovereignty and civic justice in the course of the war of emancipation. We omit the analysis of their clash with the Liberator, a product, as is known, internal contradictions that drive the revolutionary process, but regardless of the analysis of Piar shines compared to that of Bolivar, heralding an epic of his own peculiar personality. Drop the second republic, tainted at the end after the disaster Maturin Urica where compensation received by the death of Boves, revolutionaries chose to build new bases of support for revolutionary war. Piar perseveres the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Orinoco. Take Guiana and have the swollen river coat ensuring a secure foundation for the republic. In this ideal constant, makes its own determination and begin to cover that other laurel Venezuela Angostura Trying to make it in audacity. " Desist to be rejected and go toward the missions of the Caroni, to strengthen their positions. Upata occupies. It takes about 47 villages and hamlets. Puts an end to the servitude of the Indians, getting them to freedom. Defeats the English Torrealba, annihilating. For the riches of the area, the revolutionary army is plentiful resources. Pedro León Torres sent to the strength Guayana la Vieja Cedeno to harass the Strait of Angostura, a stronghold of the royalists, reorganized religious missions in the region, under the command of the revolutionary priest Jose Felix Blanco, who exchanged the robes for a gun guerrilla exemplary attitude in the heroic sacrifice of Camilo Torres claimed historical continuity. Piar is preparing to begin operations, reported to the Liberator. But the realists will not shrink. Morillo gene ¬ ral sent to the Tower to Angostura, to prevent their capture. This threatens the base of the Caroni patriot. ¬ Piar between Cedeño and then view with Bolívar, as above, with a small guard, regardless of the Orinoco. Get to know the plans of the enemy attacking from positions Guayana la Vieja Republican of the Caroni. Piar fly to their headquarters. To ram and Cerruti La Torre, governor of the province San Felix. He reviews his troops: 2,200 combatants, weakly armed. La Torre has i.600, all well armed. Piar people were Indians of the region, 400 riders and no more than 500 riflemen. \\ Nzoategui, Leo Torres, Salom, Briceño Méndez, are on the front. The realistic approach to San Felix. The pa ¬ Viota expected. Piar with the cavalry advanced to San Miguel, and found no enemy. On April 11, 1817 ice the same motion. Then comes La Torre, San Miguel. Our military goes out to the plains in search of contention, with Anzoátegui in front of the cavalry. The Tower goes on the attack, preventing the taking of positions ¬ tions of our troops. Three columns offensive desplie ¬ gan the English against our police. In their day ¬ rio, Piar describe every inch of the battle. In a change of helm orders Anzoátegui stand before Ja infantry, as he leads the cavalry. Throw it on the backs of the enemy. The 500 Indians raise their arrows into the sky. Chipie falls Colonel, battalion principal co ¬ Barlovento. Imme ¬ diately Salom takes office. Piar attacks with their riders one again. As a fighter more, denying Bolivar oppressive falls on the columns. This causes a stunning withdrawal from the realistic that our leverage to fight back. "Viva Piar! A bayonet! Shout us, going on the offensive across the line. Half an hour later the army of the Tower was destroyed. Confused, looking eager to save their lives. San Phoenix sealed the fate of the nascent Republic, crowned the campaign by Piar. emancipatory revolution, they won a new emblem to establish their government. La Torre manages to escape, with only 17 yours. A 600 dead, 200 wounded and 500 men prisoners amounted realistic loss . Piar goes through the heads of weapons surrendered, including Colonel Cerruti, known for his implacable hatred against the Patriots. In contrast, the Venezuelans arrested returned their freedom. The victory of the revolution was assured, would inevitably fall Angostura, and the homeland and freedom would have under his feet a solid foundation for enlarging the republic. Too bad it has salt in the blood ¬ side Piar rebel!, Months later, but there is his quest .. Piar's campaign and the crown of San Felix allowed us to hold the historic Congress of Angostura, where the Liberator her into the world the doctrinal foundations that were to establish, through law, democratic principles pursued by _revolucionaría war. The principle of popular sovereignty began to take flesh in Angostura. Rebellion Piar, their indomitable ferocity, made possible such a laudable task. Therefore, as our Eduardo Blanco wrote:. "The silence of the graves has attempted to silence any noise other than the sobs of the country, around this abandoned and lonely grave, but in vain: d echo resounds constantly one hundred victories in Derrida ¬ dor of that tomb, and Guarapiche, the Caura, the Caroni and Orinoco majestic waves whisper in the famed exploits of the hero of San Felix. "61
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